Beijing South China Sea claims rejected by court

China has accelerated construction on some disputed reefs

An international tribunal has ruled against Chinese claims to rights in the South China Sea, backing a case brought by the Philippines.

The Permanent Court of Arbitration said there was no evidence that China had historically exercised exclusive control over the waters or resources.
China called the ruling "ill-founded" and says it will not be bound by it.
China claims almost all of the South China Sea, including reefs and islands also claimed by others.
The tribunal in The Hague said China had violated the Philippines' sovereign rights. It also said China had caused "severe harm to the coral reef environment" by building artificial islands.

• China's Island Factory
• Mysteries and maritime claims
• In pictures: How the ruling affects the livelihood of Filipino fishermen
• Why is the South China Sea contentious?
• Flying close to China's new islands
• Rivalries underneath the South China Sea

The ruling came from an arbitration tribunal under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which both countries have signed.
The ruling is binding but the Permanent Court of Arbitration has no powers of enforcement.
The US sent an aircraft carrier and fighter jets to the region ahead of the ruling. Meanwhile, the Chinese Navy has been carrying out exercises near the disputed Paracel islands.

Philippe Sands, a lawyer for the Philippines in the case, said it was a "clear and unanimous judgement that upholds the rule of law and the rights claimed by the Philippines".
He called it a "definitive ruling on which all states can place reliance".
However, the Chinese state news agency Xinhua said that "as the panel has no jurisdiction, its decision is naturally null and void".
The tribunal was ruling on seven of 15 points brought by the Philippines. Among the key findings were:

• Fishermen from the Philippines and China both had fishing rights around the disputed Scarborough Shoal area, and China had interfered by restricting access
• China had "destroyed evidence of the natural condition of features in the South China Sea" that formed part of the dispute
• Transient use of features above water did not constitute inhabitation - one of the key conditions for claiming land rights of 200 nautical miles, rather than the 12 miles granted for reefs.

The BBC's Robin Brant, in Shanghai, says this is the worst outcome for China and its action in the seas hundreds of miles away will be the crucial next step.
In a statement, the Chinese foreign ministry said China was the first to have discovered and exploited the South China Sea islands and relevant waters, "thus establishing territorial sovereignty and relevant rights and interests".

---

Rocks, reefs or islands - what is the difference?

• Low-tide elevations, or reefs, which are visible only at low tide, get no territorial waters,
• Rocks, which are defined as anything above water at high tide regardless of size, get a 12-nautical mile limit of water around them
• An island, which is able to "sustain human habitation or an economic life of its own", is given a 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zone around it.